Title: Comprehensive Grammar Guide: From Most Searched Lessons to Least
Contents:
1. Nouns and Pronouns
1.1 Noun Types
1.1.1 Common Nouns
1.1.2 Proper Nouns
1.1.3 Collective Nouns
1.1.4 Abstract Nouns
1.2 Pronoun Types
1.2.1 Personal Pronouns
1.2.2 Demonstrative Pronouns
1.2.3 Possessive Pronouns
1.2.4 Reflexive Pronouns
1.2.5 Relative Pronouns
2. Verbs and Tenses
2.1 Verb Types
2.1.1 Action Verbs
2.1.2 Linking Verbs
2.1.3 Helping Verbs
2.2 Verb Tenses
2.2.1 Present Tense
2.2.2 Past Tense
2.2.3 Future Tense
2.2.4 Present Perfect Tense
2.2.5 Past Perfect Tense
2.2.6 Future Perfect Tense
3. Adjectives and Adverbs
3.1 Adjective Types
3.1.1 Descriptive Adjectives
3.1.2 Demonstrative Adjectives
3.1.3 Possessive Adjectives
3.1.4 Interrogative Adjectives
3.2 Adverb Types
3.2.1 Adverbs of Manner
3.2.2 Adverbs of Time
3.2.3 Adverbs of Place
3.2.4 Adverbs of Frequency
3.2.5 Adverbs of Degree
4. Sentence Structure and Syntax
4.1 Subject and Predicate
4.1.1 Simple Subject and Predicate
4.1.2 Compound Subject and Predicate
4.1.3 Complete Subject and Predicate
4.2 Sentence Types
4.2.1 Declarative Sentences
4.2.2 Interrogative Sentences
4.2.3 Imperative Sentences
4.2.4 Exclamatory Sentences
4.3 Sentence Fragments and Run-on Sentences
4.3.1 Identifying Sentence Fragments
4.3.2 Correcting Sentence Fragments
4.3.3 Identifying Run-on Sentences
4.3.4 Correcting Run-on Sentences
5. Punctuation and Capitalization
5.1 End Punctuation
5.1.1 Periods
5.1.2 Question Marks
5.1.3 Exclamation Points
5.2 Commas and Semicolons
5.2.1 Comma Usage
5.2.2 Semicolon Usage
5.3 Capitalization Rules
5.3.1 Capitalizing Proper Nouns
5.3.2 Capitalizing Titles
5.3.3 Capitalizing the First Word of a Sentence
6. Agreement and Consistency
6.1 Subject-Verb Agreement
6.1.1 Singular and Plural Subjects
6.1.2 Singular and Plural Verbs
6.1.3 Indefinite Pronouns and Agreement
6.2 Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement
6.2.1 Matching Pronouns and Antecedents in Gender and Number
6.2.2 Avoiding Vague Pronoun References
6.3 Parallelism and Consistency
6.3.1 Maintaining Consistency in Verb Tenses
6.3.2 Maintaining Parallel Structure in Lists and Comparisons
7. Modifiers and Clauses
7.1 Adjective and Adverbial Phrases
7.1.1 Modifying with Adjective Phrases
7.1.2 Modifying with Adverbial Phrases
7.2 Dependent and Independent Clauses
7.2.1 Recognizing Independent Clauses
7.2.2 Identifying Dependent Clauses
7.2.3 Combining Clauses with Subordinating Conjunctions
8. Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases
8.1 Understanding Prepositions
8.1.1 Commonly Used Prepositions
8.1.2 Prepositions of Time, Place, and Direction
8.2 Using Prepositional Phrases
8.2.1 Modifying with Prepositional Phrases
8.2.2 Identifying Object of Prepositions
9. Sentence Variety and Style
9.1 Sentence Types for Effective Communication
9.1.1 Simple, Compound, and Complex Sentences
9.1.2 Using Sentence Types for Emphasis
9.2 Sentence Combining and Sentence Expansion
9.2.1 Combining Short Sentences for Clarity and Flow
9.2.2 Expanding Sentences for Descriptive Writing
10. Common Grammar Mistakes to Avoid
10.1 Subject-Verb Agreement Errors
10.2 Pronoun Errors
10.3 Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers
10.4 Run-on Sentences and Sentence Fragments
10.5 Apostrophe Errors
10.6 Comma Splices and Faulty Parallelism
This comprehensive grammar guide provides a structured approach to understanding and mastering various grammar topics. Starting from the most frequently searched lessons, it covers essential concepts such as nouns, pronouns, verbs, tenses, adjectives, adverbs, sentence structure, punctuation, agreement, modifiers, clauses, prepositions, sentence variety, and common grammar mistakes to avoid. Whether you're a student, a professional, or simply someone looking to improve their writing skills, this guide will serve as a valuable resource to enhance your grammatical proficiency.
1. Nouns and Pronouns:
1.1 Noun Types:
1.1.1 Common Nouns:
Common nouns are words that refer to general, non-specific people, places, things, or ideas. They are not capitalized unless they appear at the beginning of a sentence. Examples of common nouns include dog, city, book, and love.
Sample sentences:
- The dog chased its tail in circles.
- I live in a big city.
- She loves to read books.
- Love is a powerful emotion.
1.1.2 Proper Nouns:
Proper nouns are specific names of people, places, organizations, or things. They are always capitalized. Examples of proper nouns include John, London, Microsoft, and Eiffel Tower.
Sample sentences:
- John is coming to visit tomorrow.
- I visited London last summer.
- Microsoft is a leading technology company.
- The Eiffel Tower is a famous landmark in Paris.
1.1.3 Collective Nouns:
Collective nouns refer to a group of people, animals, or things as a single entity. Examples of collective nouns include team, flock, family, and herd.
Sample sentences:
- The team celebrated their victory.
- A flock of birds flew across the sky.
- Our family is going on vacation together.
- The herd of cattle grazed in the field.
1.1.4 Abstract Nouns:
Abstract nouns represent ideas, concepts, qualities, or states that cannot be perceived by the senses. They often describe emotions, feelings, or characteristics. Examples of abstract nouns include love, happiness, courage, and freedom.
Sample sentences:
- Love can conquer all obstacles.
- Her happiness was contagious.
- It takes courage to face your fears.
- Freedom is a fundamental human right.
1.2 Pronoun Types:
1.2.1 Personal Pronouns:
Personal pronouns are used to replace specific nouns in a sentence. They vary based on person, number, and gender. Examples of personal pronouns include I, you, he, she, it, we, and they.
Sample sentences:
- I went to the store to buy groceries.
- You should take care of yourself.
- He is coming to the party later.
- She likes to read books.
- It is raining outside.
- We are going on a trip tomorrow.
- They will meet us at the restaurant.
1.2.2 Demonstrative Pronouns:
Demonstrative pronouns are used to point out specific people, places, or things. They include this, that, these, and those.
Sample sentences:
- This is my favorite book.
- That is a beautiful sunset.
- These are my new shoes.
- Those flowers smell amazing.
1.2.3 Possessive Pronouns:
Possessive pronouns show ownership or possession. They include mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, and theirs.
Sample sentences:
- The car is mine.
- Is this book yours?
- The house is his.
- The cat licked its paws.
- The responsibility is ours.
- The toys belong to them.
1.2.4 Reflexive Pronouns:
Reflexive pronouns are used when the subject and object of a sentence are the same person or thing. They end in "-self" (singular) or "-selves" (plural). Examples of reflexive pronouns include myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, and themselves.
Sample sentences:
- I hurt myself while playing sports.
- Did you make the cake yourself?
- He always talks to himself in the mirror.
- She painted the room herself.
- The cat cleaned itself.
- We organized the event ourselves.
- They enjoyed the movie by themselves.
1.2.5 Relative Pron
ouns:
Relative pronouns are used to introduce relative clauses that provide additional information about a noun or pronoun in the main clause. Common relative pronouns include who, whom, whose, which, and that.
Sample sentences:
- The person who won the race is my friend.
- She is the one whom I admire.
- This is the house whose roof was damaged in the storm.
- The book which I borrowed from the library is interesting.
- The car that I bought is brand new.
2. Verbs and Tenses:
2.1 Verb Types:
2.1.1 Action Verbs:
Action verbs express physical or mental actions performed by the subject of a sentence. They can be either transitive (taking a direct object) or intransitive (not taking a direct object). Examples of action verbs include run, eat, write, think, and dance.
Sample sentences:
- She runs every morning.
- I ate a delicious meal.
- He writes poems in his free time.
- They are thinking about their next vacation.
- The children danced happily at the party.
2.1.2 Linking Verbs:
Linking verbs connect the subject of a sentence to a noun, pronoun, or adjective that renames or describes it. They do not express action. Common linking verbs include be, become, seem, appear, and feel.
Sample sentences:
- She is a doctor.
- The cake smells delicious.
- The flowers appear wilted.
- He became angry.
- They feel tired after a long day.
2.1.3 Helping Verbs:
Helping verbs (also called auxiliary verbs) are used in combination with main verbs to express different verb tenses, moods, voices, and aspects. Examples of helping verbs include have, be, do, can, may, and will.
Sample sentences:
- She has finished her homework.
- They are playing soccer in the park.
- He did not see the movie.
- Can you pass me the salt?
- She may come to the party.
- We will start the meeting soon.
2.2 Verb Tenses:
2.2.1 Present Tense:
The present tense is used to describe actions happening at the current moment or actions that occur regularly. Examples of present tense verbs include walk, talk, eat, and play.
Sample sentences:
- I walk to school every day.
- She talks to her friends on the phone.
- They eat dinner together every evening.
- He plays the guitar in a band.
2.2.2 Past Tense:
The past tense is used to describe actions that have already happened or were completed in the past. Regular past tense verbs are formed by adding "-ed" to the base form of the verb. Examples include walked, talked, ate, and played.
Sample sentences:
- I walked to school yesterday.
- She talked to her friends at the party.
- They ate pizza for dinner last night.
- He played soccer when he was younger.
2.2.3 Future Tense:
The future tense is used to describe actions that will happen in the future. It is often formed using the helping verb "will" or "shall" followed by the base form of the verb. Examples include will walk, shall talk, will eat, and will play.
Sample sentences:
- I will walk to school tomorrow.
- She shall talk to her friends later.
- They will eat dinner together tonight.
- He will play the guitar in the concert next week.
2.2.4 Present Perfect Tense:
The present perfect tense is used to describe actions that started in the past but have a connection to the present. It is formed by using the helping verb "have" or "has" followed by the past participle of the main verb. Examples include
have walked, has talked, have eaten, and has played.
Sample sentences:
- I have walked to school many times.
- She has talked to her friends on the phone today.
- They have eaten dinner already.
- He has played the guitar for years.
2.2.5 Past Perfect Tense:
The past perfect tense is used to describe actions that happened before another past action or a specific point in the past. It is formed by using the helping verb "had" followed by the past participle of the main verb. Examples include had walked, had talked, had eaten, and had played.
Sample sentences:
- I had walked to school before it started raining.
- She had talked to her friends before the party ended.
- They had eaten dinner when I arrived.
- He had played the guitar before the concert began.
2.2.6 Future Perfect Tense:
The future perfect tense is used to describe actions that will be completed before a specific point in the future. It is formed by using the helping verbs "will have" or "shall have" followed by the past participle of the main verb. Examples include will have walked, shall have talked, will have eaten, and will have played.
Sample sentences:
- I will have walked to school by the time you arrive.
- She shall have talked to her friends before the movie starts.
- They will have eaten dinner before the party begins.
- He will have played the guitar for ten years by next month.
3. Adjectives and Adverbs:
3.1 Adjective Types:
3.1.1 Descriptive Adjectives:
Descriptive adjectives are used to provide more information about nouns. They describe the characteristics or qualities of the noun they modify. Examples of descriptive adjectives include beautiful, tall, intelligent, and delicious.
Sample sentences:
- She has a beautiful dress.
- The tall building is a landmark.
- He is an intelligent student.
- This cake tastes delicious.
3.1.2 Demonstrative Adjectives:
Demonstrative adjectives are used to indicate or point out specific nouns. They include this, that, these, and those.
Sample sentences:
- This book is interesting.
- That car is expensive.
- These flowers are beautiful.
- Those shoes are comfortable.
3.1.3 Possessive Adjectives:
Possessive adjectives show ownership or possession. They indicate that something belongs to a person or thing. Examples of possessive adjectives include my, your, his, her, its, our, and their.
Sample sentences:
- This is my house.
- Is this your pen?
- His car is parked outside.
- Her cat is sleeping on the couch.
- Our garden is full of flowers.
- Their dog is very friendly.
3.1.4 Interrogative Adjectives:
Interrogative adjectives are used to ask questions about nouns. They include which, what, and whose.
Sample sentences:
- Which book do you recommend?
- What color is your car?
- Whose bag is this?
3.2 Adverb Types:
3.2.1 Adverbs of Manner:
Adverbs of manner describe how an action is performed or the way in which something happens. They often end in "-ly." Examples of adverbs of manner include slowly, quickly, beautifully, and loudly.
Sample sentences:
- She sings beautifully.
- He drives carefully.
- The bird flew quickly.
- They cheered loudly.
3.2.2 Adverbs of Time:
Adverbs of time describe when an action takes place or for how long. Examples include now, then, yesterday, today, tomorrow, always, and never.
Sample sentences:
- I will meet him tomorrow.
- She is always on time.
- They visited the museum yesterday.
- The
party starts at 7 p.m.
3.2.3 Adverbs of Place:
Adverbs of place describe the location or position of an action. Examples include here, there, near, far, inside, and outside.
Sample sentences:
- The keys are here.
- He lives nearby.
- They went outside to play.
- The cat is hiding under the table.
3.2.4 Adverbs of Degree:
Adverbs of degree modify adjectives, verbs, or other adverbs to indicate the intensity, extent, or degree of an action or quality. Examples include very, extremely, quite, and too.
Sample sentences:
- She is very tall.
- The movie was extremely entertaining.
- He is quite good at playing the piano.
- The coffee is too hot to drink.
4. Prepositions and Conjunctions:
4.1 Prepositions:
Prepositions are used to show the relationship between a noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence. They indicate location, direction, time, and more. Examples of prepositions include in, on, at, by, for, with, and from.
Sample sentences:
- The book is on the table.
- She went to the park with her friends.
- He arrived at the airport on time.
- We will have dinner at the restaurant.
- The letter is from my grandmother.
4.2 Conjunctions:
Conjunctions are used to connect words, phrases, or clauses in a sentence. They can show relationships such as addition, contrast, cause and effect, and more. Examples of conjunctions include and, but, or, because, although, and if.
Sample sentences:
- She likes to read and write.
- He studied hard, but he didn't pass the exam.
- I can go to the party, or I can stay home.
- They couldn't go to the beach because it was raining.
- Although it was late, she stayed up to finish her work.
- If you study, you will succeed.
5. Punctuation and Capitalization:
5.1 End Punctuation:
End punctuation marks are used at the end of sentences to indicate different types of sentence endings.
5.1.1 Periods:
Periods (.) are used to indicate a statement or a declarative sentence.
Sample sentence:
- I went to the store to buy some groceries.
5.1.2 Question Marks:
Question marks (?) are used at the end of interrogative sentences to indicate a question.
Sample sentence:
- Did you finish your homework?
5.1.3 Exclamation Points:
Exclamation points (!) are used to indicate strong emotions or exclamatory sentences.
Sample sentence:
- What a beautiful sunset!
5.2 Commas and Semicolons:
Commas (,) and semicolons (;) are used to separate and organize elements within a sentence.
5.2.1 Comma Usage:
Commas are used to separate items in a list, separate independent clauses in compound sentences, set off introductory elements, and more.
Sample sentences:
- I need to buy apples, bananas, and oranges from the store.
- She went to the store, and I stayed at home.
- In the morning, I like to drink a cup of coffee.
- My sister, who is a doctor, lives in New York.
5.2.2 Semicolon Usage:
Semicolons are used to connect closely related independent clauses, separate items in a list when the items contain commas, and separate complex items in a series.
Sample sentences:
- She studied hard; she wanted to pass the exam.
- I visited London, England; Paris, France; and Rome, Italy.
- The cake included chocolate, vanilla, and strawberry flavors; whipped cream; and sprinkles.
5.3 Capitalization Rules:
Capitalization rules determine when to use capital letters in writing.
5.3.1 Capitalizing Proper Nouns:
Proper nouns, which are specific names of people, places, or things, are capitalized.
Sample sentences:
- I live in New York City.
- She works at Apple Inc.
- The book is written by J.K. Rowling.
5.3.2 Capitalizing Titles:
The first letter of each major word in titles, such as book titles, movie titles, and article titles, is capitalized.
Sample sentences:
- Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
- Gone with the Wind
- The Catcher in the Rye
5.3.3 Capitalizing the First Word of a Sentence:
The first word of every sentence is capitalized.
Sample sentence:
- The sun is shining brightly.
6. Agreement and Consistency:
6.1 Subject-Verb Agreement:
Subject-verb agreement refers to ensuring that the subject and the verb in a sentence match in number (singular or plural).
6.1.1 Singular and Plural Subjects:
Singular subjects require singular verbs, while plural subjects require plural verbs.
Sample sentences:
- She runs every morning. (singular subject and verb)
- They run every morning. (plural subject and verb)
6.1.2 Singular and Plural Verbs:
Singular verbs are used with singular subjects, and plural verbs are used with plural subjects.
Sample sentences:
- The dog barks. (singular subject and verb)
- The dogs bark. (plural subject and verb)
6.1.3 Indefinite Pronouns and Agreement:
Indefinite pronouns, such as anyone, someone, everybody, nobody, etc., are usually treated as singular and require singular verbs.
Sample sentences:
- Everybody is invited to the party. (singular subject and verb)
- Nobody wants to go. (singular subject and verb)
6.2 Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement:
Pronoun-antecedent agreement
refers to using pronouns that match their antecedents (the nouns they replace) in terms of gender and number.
6.2.1 Matching Pronouns and Antecedents in Gender and Number:
Pronouns should match their antecedents in terms of gender (he, she, they) and number (singular or plural).
Sample sentences:
- The boy ate his lunch. (singular antecedent and pronoun)
- The girls ate their lunches. (plural antecedent and pronoun)
6.2.2 Avoiding Vague Pronoun References:
Pronouns should have clear and specific antecedents to avoid confusion.
Sample sentence:
- Sarah asked John for the book, but he didn't have it. (unclear pronoun reference)
6.3 Parallelism and Consistency:
Parallelism ensures that similar ideas or elements in a sentence have the same grammatical structure, while consistency maintains the same verb tense throughout a sentence or paragraph.
6.3.1 Maintaining Consistency in Verb Tenses:
Consistent verb tenses are used to ensure clarity and coherence in writing.
Sample sentence:
- She walks to school, studies in the library, and goes home in the evening. (consistent present tense verbs)
6.3.2 Maintaining Parallel Structure in Lists and Comparisons:
Parallel structure is used to present similar ideas or elements in a balanced and consistent manner.
Sample sentence:
- She likes to swim, hike, and read books. (parallel structure in a list)
7. Modifiers and Clauses:
7.1 Adjective and Adverbial Phrases:
7.1.1 Modifying with Adjective Phrases:
Adjective phrases are groups of words that function as adjectives to modify nouns or pronouns.
Sample sentence:
- The house with the red door is mine.
(The adjective phrase "with the red door" modifies the noun "house.")
7.1.2 Modifying with Adverbial Phrases:
Adverbial phrases are groups of words that function as adverbs to modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
Sample sentence:
- She ran to the store quickly.
(The adverbial phrase "to the store" modifies the verb "ran," and the adverb "quickly" modifies the verb "ran.")
7.2 Dependent and Independent Clauses:
7.2.1 Recognizing Independent Clauses:
Independent clauses are complete sentences that can stand alone and express a complete thought.
Sample sentence:
- I went to the park, and I played on the swings.
(The two independent clauses "I went to the park" and "I played on the swings" are connected by the coordinating conjunction "and.")
7.2.2 Identifying Dependent Clauses:
Dependent clauses are incomplete sentences that cannot stand alone and rely on independent clauses to form complete thoughts.
Sample sentence:
- Although it was raining, they still went for a walk.
(The dependent clause "Although it was raining" cannot stand alone as a complete thought.)
7.2.3 Combining Clauses with Subordinating Conjunctions:
Dependent clauses can be connected to independent clauses using subordinating conjunctions, which create complex sentences.
Sample sentence:
- She ate dinner before she watched a movie.
(The dependent clause "before she watched a movie" is connected to the independent clause "She ate dinner" using the subordinating conjunction "before.")
8. Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases:
8.1 Understanding Prepositions:
Prepositions are words that show the relationship between a noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence. They indicate location, direction, time, and more.
8.1.1 Commonly Used Prepositions:
Common prepositions include in, on, at, by, for, with, from, to, of, about, and through.
Sample sentences:
- The book is on the table.
- She walked to the park.
- I will meet you at the restaurant.
8.1.2 Prepositions of Time, Place, and Direction:
Prepositions of time (e.g., before, after), place (e.g., in, at), and direction (e.g., to, from) indicate specific relationships in those contexts.
Sample sentences:
- I have a meeting before lunch. (preposition of time)
- The cat is hiding under the bed. (preposition of place)
- They are traveling from New York to Los Angeles. (preposition of direction)
8.2 Using Prepositional Phrases:
Prepositional phrases consist of a preposition, its object, and any modifiers. They function as adjectives or adverbs to provide additional information.
8.2.1 Modifying with Prepositional Phrases:
Prepositional phrases modify nouns, pronouns, verbs, or adjectives to provide details about location, time, manner, or other relationships.
Sample sentences:
- The cat on the mat is mine. (modifies the noun "cat")
- She walked with confidence. (modifies the verb "walked")
- I am interested in the job offer. (modifies the adjective "interested")
8.2.2 Identifying Object of Prepositions:
The object of a preposition is the noun or pronoun that follows the pre
position and completes its meaning.
Sample sentences:
- She sat on the chair. (the object of the preposition "on" is "chair")
- I bought a gift for my friend. (the object of the preposition "for" is "my friend")
9. Sentence Variety and Style:
9.1 Sentence Types for Effective Communication:
Using different sentence types, such as simple, compound, and complex sentences, adds variety and impact to writing.
9.1.1 Simple, Compound, and Complex Sentences:
- Simple sentences consist of one independent clause.
Example: I went for a walk.
- Compound sentences consist of two or more independent clauses joined by coordinating conjunctions.
Example: I went for a walk, and I saw a beautiful sunset.
- Complex sentences consist of one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.
Example: After I went for a walk, I saw a beautiful sunset.
9.1.2 Using Sentence Types for Emphasis:
Different sentence types can be used strategically to emphasize certain ideas or create a desired effect in writing.
Sample sentences:
- The sun was shining, the birds were singing, and the flowers were blooming. (compound sentence for emphasis)
- Although she was tired, she continued working on her project. (complex sentence for contrast and emphasis)
9.2 Sentence Combining and Sentence Expansion:
Sentence combining involves joining short sentences to create longer and more complex sentences, while sentence expansion adds details and descriptions to enrich writing.
9.2.1 Combining Short Sentences for Clarity and Flow:
Combining short sentences can improve the flow and cohesion of writing by creating more complex and connected ideas.
Sample sentence:
- She walked to the store. She bought groceries. (combined) -> She walked to the store and bought groceries.
9.2.2 Expanding Sentences for Descriptive Writing:
Expanding sentences with additional details, descriptions, and examples can make writing more engaging and vivid.
Sample sentence:
- The cat sat on the mat. -> The fluffy black cat with bright green eyes sat lazily on the soft, colorful mat.
10. Common Grammar Mistakes to Avoid:
10.1 Subject-Verb Agreement Errors:
Subject-verb agreement errors occur when the subject and verb do not agree in terms of number and person.
10.2 Pronoun Errors:
Pronoun errors include using pronouns with unclear antecedents, mismatching pronouns and antecedents in gender and number, and using pronouns incorrectly.
10.3 Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers:
Misplaced modifiers occur when modifiers are not placed close to the words they modify, leading to confusion or ambiguity. Dangling modifiers occur when the words they are intended to modify are missing from the sentence.
10.4 Run-on Sentences and Sentence Fragments:
Run-on sentences occur when two or more independent clauses are incorrectly joined without proper punctuation or conjunctions. Sentence fragments are incomplete sentences that lack a subject, verb, or complete thought.
10.5 Apostrophe Errors:
Apostrophe errors include using apostrophes incorrectly in contractions, possessives, and plurals.
10.6 Comma Splices and Faulty Parallelism:
Comma splices occur when two independent clauses are incorrectly joined with just a comma. Faulty parallelism refers to inconsistent or unbalanced structures in lists, comparisons, or phrases.
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