Conjunctions are connectives that are used to join words, phrases, or clauses together. They serve to indicate relationships between the elements they connect. Here are some common groups of conjunctions:
1. Coordinating Conjunctions:
- And
- But
- Or
- Nor
- For
- Yet
- So
2. Subordinating Conjunctions:
- Although
- Because
- Since
- While
- If
- Unless
- Until
- Before
- After
3. Correlative Conjunctions:
- Either...or
- Neither...nor
- Both...and
- Not only...but also
- Whether...or
4. Conjunctive Adverbs (used as conjunctions):
- However
- Therefore
- Moreover
- Nevertheless
- Consequently
- Furthermore
- Otherwise
5. Comparative Subordinating Conjunctions:
- Than
- Rather than
- As...as
- More...than
- Less...than
6. Time Conjunctions:
- When
- While
- Before
- After
- Since
- Until
- As
- Once
7. Place Conjunctions:
- Where
- Wherever
8. Purpose Conjunctions:
- So that
- In order that
9. Result Conjunctions:
- So...that
- Such...that
10. Conditional Conjunctions:
- If
- Unless
- Whether...or
These groups of conjunctions serve different purposes and indicate various relationships between the elements they connect. They are essential for constructing clear and cohesive sentences, as they help establish logical connections within the text.
1 COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS – and/ but/ or/ nor/ for/ yet/ so
1. And: "And" is used to join two or more elements that are similar or add information.
- Example: I enjoyed the warm sun and the refreshing sea breeze during my beach vacation.
Explanation: The coordinating conjunction "and" is used to connect the elements "sun" and "sea breeze," emphasizing the combination of pleasant experiences.
2. But: "But" is used to join two contrasting or contradictory elements.
- Example: The sun was shining brightly, but the sea was rough and choppy.
Explanation: The coordinating conjunction "but" introduces a contrast between the bright sun and the rough sea.
3. Or: "Or" is used to present a choice or alternative between two or more options.
- Example: We can watch the sunset by the sea or enjoy a picnic in the park.
Explanation: The coordinating conjunction "or" offers a choice between watching the sunset by the sea or having a picnic in the park.
4. Nor: "Nor" is used to introduce a negative alternative or to indicate that something does not happen.
- Example: The sun did not rise, nor did we witness a colorful sunset by the sea.
Explanation: The coordinating conjunction "nor" is used to indicate the absence of both the sunrise and a colorful sunset by the sea.
5. For: "For" is used to indicate a reason or explanation.
- Example: I packed my beach essentials, for I knew I would spend the day enjoying the sun and the sea.
Explanation: The coordinating conjunction "for" introduces the reason or explanation for packing beach essentials, which is the intention to enjoy the sun and the sea.
6. Yet: "Yet" is used to introduce a contrasting idea or to indicate something unexpected.
- Example: The stormy weather persisted, yet we decided to take a walk along the sea to catch the sunset.
Explanation: The coordinating conjunction "yet" introduces a contrasting idea between the stormy weather and the decision to walk along the sea to witness the sunset.
7. So: "So" is used to express a result or consequence.
- Example: The sun had set, so we took a peaceful stroll along the calm sea.
Explanation: The coordinating conjunction "so" indicates the result or consequence of the sun setting, which is taking a peaceful stroll along the calm sea.
2 Subordinating conjunctions with sample sentences for better understanding:
1. Time:
- After: We will have dinner after I finish my work.
- Before: Please finish your homework before you go outside to play.
- Once: Once she arrives, we can start the meeting.
- Since: I have known him since we were in elementary school.
- Till: Stay here till I come back.
- Until: Please wait here until the bus arrives.
- When: I will call you when I reach the airport.
- Whenever: You can visit us whenever you want.
- While: She listens to music while she exercises.
2. Condition:
- Although: Although it was raining, we decided to go for a walk.
- Even if: Even if you try, you might not succeed.
- Even though: Even though she studied hard, she didn't perform well.
- If: If you need any help, let me know.
- Unless: You won't succeed unless you put in the effort.
- Provided that: You can borrow my car provided that you return it by tomorrow.
- Supposing: Supposing he doesn't show up, what should we do?
- Whether: I don't know whether he will come or not.
- In case: Take an umbrella in case it rains.
3. Cause and Effect:
- Because: She couldn't attend the party because she was feeling unwell.
- Since: Since it's your birthday, let's celebrate.
- As: As the sun went down, the temperature dropped.
- So: She was tired, so she decided to take a nap.
- Inasmuch as: She trusted him, inasmuch as she lent him money.
4. Purpose:
- So that: I woke up early so that I could catch the first train.
- In order that: He saved money in order that he could buy a new car.
- That: I'm studying hard so that I can pass the exam.
- For fear that: She locked the door for fear that someone might enter.
- Lest: Speak softly lest you wake the baby.
5. Contrast and Concession:
- Although: Although it was cold, she went outside without a jacket.
- Though: Though he was tired, he stayed up late to finish his work.
- Even though: Even though she is young, she is very talented.
- Whereas: John loves swimming, whereas Mary prefers hiking.
- While: While she enjoys dancing, her brother prefers painting.
- Granted that: Granted that it's expensive, it's worth the price.
- Despite: Despite the rain, they continued playing soccer.
- In spite of: In spite of the delay, we arrived on time.
- Notwithstanding: Notwithstanding the challenges, we succeeded.
6. Place:
- Where: Let's go to the park where we had a picnic last weekend.
- Wherever: She will follow him wherever he goes.
7. Manner:
- As: Do it as I instructed.
- As if: He behaved as if nothing had happened.
- As though: She acted as though she knew the secret.
8. Comparison:
- Than: She is taller than her brother.
- Rather than: I would go for a walk rather than sit at home all day.
- Whether...or: I haven't decided whether I should go or stay.
9. Reason:
- Why: I don't understand why he made that decision.
These explanations and sample sentences demonstrate how subordinating conjunctions establish relationships between the main clause and the subordinate clause, indicating time, condition, cause and effect, purpose, contrast, place, manner, comparison, and reason. By using these subordinating conjunctions, you can create more complex sentences and convey specific meanings in your writing or speech.
3. Here is a list of common correlative conjunctions:
1. Both...and
2. Either...or
3. Neither...nor
4. Not only...but also
5. Whether...or
6. Not...but
Correlative conjunctions are used in pairs to join words, phrases, or clauses with equal importance. They work together to create balance and emphasize the relationship between the elements being connected.
Examples:
1. Both...and:
- She is both intelligent and hardworking.
- We both laughed and cried during the movie.
2. Either...or:
- You can either come with us or stay at home.
- Either you study for the test or accept a lower grade.
3. Neither...nor:
- Neither John nor Mary attended the party.
- The restaurant serves neither meat nor seafood.
4. Not only...but also:
- She is not only talented but also dedicated.
- The concert was not only entertaining but also inspiring.
5. Whether...or:
- I don't know whether to take the bus or walk.
- Whether you agree or disagree, your opinion matters.
6. Not...but:
- It's not the end, but rather a new beginning.
- He is not a doctor, but a teacher.
These correlative conjunctions allow you to express contrasting choices, combine ideas, or present parallel elements in a balanced way. They are effective in adding emphasis and clarity to your sentences.
4 Here is a list of common conjunctive adverbs:
1. Accordingly
2. Also
3. Besides
4. Consequently
5. Furthermore
6. Hence
7. However
8. Indeed
9. Instead
10. Likewise
11. Meanwhile
12. Moreover
13. Nevertheless
14. Nonetheless
15. Otherwise
16. Similarly
17. Still
18. Subsequently
19. Therefore
20. Thus
Conjunctive adverbs are used to connect and relate ideas within a sentence or between sentences. They serve as transitional words or phrases, indicating relationships of cause and effect, addition, contrast, comparison, time, and more.
Examples:
1. Accordingly: She finished her work, and accordingly, she left the office.
2. Also: He loves swimming; also, he enjoys playing basketball.
3. Besides: Besides studying, she likes to paint in her free time.
4. Consequently: He missed the train; consequently, he arrived late.
5. Furthermore: The book is well-written, and furthermore, it is beautifully illustrated.
6. Hence: The weather was terrible; hence, we decided to stay indoors.
7. However: She studied hard; however, she didn't perform well on the test.
8. Indeed: The view from the top of the mountain is breathtaking, indeed.
9. Instead: He chose to walk instead of taking a taxi.
10. Likewise: She enjoys hiking; likewise, her brother is a fan of outdoor activities.
11. Meanwhile: She was cooking dinner; meanwhile, he was setting the table.
12. Moreover: The book is informative, and moreover, it is entertaining.
13. Nevertheless: He was tired; nevertheless, he continued working.
14. Nonetheless: The weather was bad; nonetheless, they decided to go for a walk.
15. Otherwise: Be careful; otherwise, you might get hurt.
16. Similarly: She enjoys reading; similarly, her sister is an avid reader.
17. Still: He failed the exam, but he still wants to try again.
18. Subsequently: She graduated from college and subsequently started her own business.
19. Therefore: He didn't study for the test; therefore, he didn't perform well.
20. Thus: The experiment was successful; thus, confirming our hypothesis.
These conjunctive adverbs enhance the flow and coherence of your writing by establishing connections between ideas, indicating relationships, and providing transitions between sentences or clauses.
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